P | P-value t test
FunctionoftheobservedsampleresultsInnull-hypothesissignificancetesting,thep-value[note1]istheprobabilityofobtainingtestresultsatleastasextremeastheresultactuallyobserved,undertheassumptionthatthenullhypothesisiscorrect.[2][3]Averysmallp-valuemeansthatsuchanextremeobservedoutcomewouldbeveryunlikelyunderthenullhypothesis.Reportingp-valuesofstatisticaltestsiscommonpracticeinacademicpublicationsofmanyquantitativefields.Sincetheprecisemeaningofp-valueishardtograsp,misuseiswidespreadandhasbeenamaj...
Function of the observed sample results
In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value[note 1] is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.[2][3] A very small p-value means that such an extreme observed outcome would be very unlikely under the null hypothesis. Reporting p-values of statistical tests is common practice in academic publications of many quantitative fields. Since the precise meaning of p-value is hard to grasp, misuse is widespread and has been a major topic in metascience.[4][5]
Basic concepts[edit]In statistics, every conjecture concerning the unknown probability distribution of a collection of random variables representing the observed data X{displaystyle X} in some study is called a statistical hypothesis. If we state one hypothesis only and the aim of the statistical test is to see whether this hypothesis is tenable, but not to inve...